Discover the science behind invisible life like plant structure, cell division, and genetics. Students will construct a water cycle terraqua column ecosystem, extract DNA, grow a carnivorous greenhouse, track traits, learn how to use a compound microscope, and more.

Step 1. Click Here to download your copy of the Ultimate Science Curriculum Life Science Vol. 1 Student Guidebook. To download the Parent/Teacher Guidebook, Click Here.

Step 2. Watch the videos that go with it below.

Introduction

Greetings and welcome to the study of Life Science. This unit was created by a mechanical engineer, university instructor, airplane pilot, astronomer, robot-builder and real rocket scientist… me! I have the happy opportunity to teach you everything I know about life science over the next set of lessons. I promise to give you my best stuff so you can take it and run with it… or fly!

To get the most out of these labs, there are really only a couple of things to keep in mind. Since we are all here to have fun and learn something new, this shouldn’t be too hard.

One of the best things you can do as the student is to cultivate your curiosity about things. Why did that move? How did that spin? What’s really going on here?

This unit on Life Science is chocked full of demonstrations and experiments for two big reasons. First, they’re fun. But more importantly, the reason we do experiments in science is to hone your observational skills. Science experiments really speak for themselves much better than I can ever put into words or show you on a video. And I’m going to hit you with a lot of these science demonstrations and experiments to help you develop your observing techniques.

Scientists not only learn to observe what’s going on in the experiment, but they also learn how to observe what their experiment is telling them, which is found by looking at your data. It’s not enough to invent some new kind of experiment if you don’t know how it will perform when the conditions change a bit, like on Mars. We’re going to learn how to predict what we think will happen, design experiments that will test this idea, and look over the results we got to figure out where to go from there. Science is a process, it’s a way of thinking, and we’re going to get plenty of practice at it.

Good luck with this Life Science unit!

Lesson #1: How to Use a Microscope

Overview Welcome to our unit on microscopes! We’re going to learn how to use our microscope to make things appear larger so we can study them more easily. If you’ve ever wondered what you’re eating for dinner, how many toes ants have, or if caterpillars have armpits, then this is the lab for you. How to the lenses work to make objects larger? We’re going to take a closer look at optics, magnification, lenses, and how to draw what you see with this lesson.

What to Learn The compound microscope is a set of lenses stacked so they work together to make things look bigger. For example, if you’re using a 10x eyepiece (where your eye looks into) and a 40x objective (the lens near the slide), then you’re using a 400x power setting. You use a dry to get your specimens ready for viewing.

Materials

  • microscope
  • slides
  • coverslips
  • tape
  • a penny
  • the letter “e”
  • scissors
  • an object to dry mount, such as a strand of hair

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Lesson #2: Wet Mount and Staining

Overview

Anytime you have a specimen that needs water to live, you’ll need to prepare a wet mount slide. This is especially useful for looking at pond water (or scum), plants, protists (single-cell animals), mold, etc. If your critter is hard to see, you can use a dye to make it easier to view.

What to Learn

Some specimens need water to live, so you’ll need to keep them moist with a wet mount slide. When you keep your specimen alive in their environment, you not only get to observe it, but also how it eats, lives, breathes, and interacts in its environment. If your critter is hard to see, you can use a dye such as iodine to stain the cell and bring out its structure, making it easier to view.

Materials

  • 20mL sample of pond water
  • microscope
  • slides
  • cover slips
  • tweezers
  • medicine dropper (disposable)
  • a translucent specimen, such as a piece of onion and elodea leaf
  • iodine (you can use regular, non-clear iodine from the drug store)
  • Protoslo (optional)

Lesson #3: Heat Fixes

Overview If you tried looking at animal cells already, you know that they wiggle and squirm all over the place. And if you tried looking when using the staining technique, you know it only makes things worse. The heat fix technique is the one you want to use to nail your specimen to the slide and also stain it to bring out the cell structure and nuclei. This is the way scientists can look at things like bacteria.

What to Learn Heat fixes are used when the specimens move all over the place when stained, like yeast. By drying out the specimen and fixing it to the slide, you can easily stain it several times to bring out the contrast and view the structure.

Materials

    • microscope
    • slides
    • cover slips
    • eyedropper
    • toothpicks or tweezers
    • candle and matches (with adult help)
    • stain (you can use regular iodine or Lugol’s Stain)
    • sugar
    • yeast
    • container to mix your specimen in

Lesson #4: Plant Press

Overview Plants have many parts that perform different functions. Not all plants have the same parts, but many plants have roots, stems, leaves and flowers. In today’s lab, you will press a plant to be able to clearly see many of its parts.

What to Learn In this lab, you will press a plant as flat as possible. You will press the plant with extra force provided by cardboard and rubber bands to squeeze out as much water as possible. You will also press the plant between layers of paper to absorb the water. This will allow you to see the parts of the plant in the finished piece, without growing mold. Your finished pressed plant will be ready for any art project or simply framing by itself!

Materials

  • Newspaper
  • Cardboard
  • Belt buckle or large, strong rubber bands
  • Sheets of paper

Lesson #5: Celery Stalk Water Race

Overview You already know that plants need water to survive. But how do they actually drink that water? In this experiment, you will learn how water travels through a plant, and you will get to try to make the water go faster and slower!

What to Learn Carefully observe where the water is when you cut the celery open. This will help you identify the structural element called the xylem. In this experiment, you will also measure how far the water travels in a certain amount of time, and you will get to change the water to try to make it go faster or slower.

Materials

  • Two clear containers (i.e. 12 oz glasses)
  • 4+ stalks of celery, with leaves still attached (depending on how many variables they will test)
  • Colored Water
  • Paper towels
  • Ruler
  • Data recording sheet (worksheet and science journal)

Lesson #6: Osmosis in Potatoes and Beans

Overview One way substances can get into a cell is called passive transport. One special kind of passive transport is osmosis, when water crosses into the cell. This experiment allows you to see the process of osmosis in action. You’ll see that the potato slice in the fresh water became a little stiffer, while the potato in salt water became rather flimsy. The question is…why?

What to Learn Cells are made of cells, and the water in the cells flows from areas of low salt concentration to high salt concentration. That means that if the water outside the cell is saltier than the water inside, water will move from the inside of the cell to the outside. As the water left the cell it was like letting the air out of a balloon. As more and more of the cells lost water, the slice of potato became soft and flexible. If the water inside was saltier, the opposite happens, and some water goes into the cells, stiffening them up.

Materials

  • 2 potato slices
  • Dry beans (about a cup)
  • 3 glasses of water
  • salt
  • a paper towel
  • a cookie sheet

Lesson #7: Cool Carrot Osmosis

Overview Osmosis is how water moves through a membrane. We’re going to do two experiments on a carrot: first we’re going to figure out how to move water into the cells of a carrot. Second, we’ll look at how to move water within the carrot and trace it. Last, we’ll learn how to get water to move out of the carrot. And all this has to do with cells!

What to Learn Water always moves through cell membranes towards the side with higher chemical concentrations. For example, a carrot sitting in salt water causes the water to move into the salty water. The water moves because it’s trying to equalize the amount of water on both the inside and outside of the membrane. The act of salt will draw water out of the carrot, and as more cells lose water, the carrot becomes soft and flexible instead of crunchy and stiff. When surrounded by pure water, the concentration of water outside the carrot cells is greater than the concentration inside. Osmosis makes water move from greater concentrations to lesser concentrations.

Materials

  • 3 carrots
  • Food coloring
  • 3 tablespoons of salt
  • Three glasses
  • String
  • water

Lesson #8: Membranes

Overview Here’s a fun experiment that shows you how much stuff can pass through a membrane. Scientist call it the semi-permeability of membranes.
What to Learn There are actually many hints that tell us something is alive. One thing that is true about all living things is that they all have tiny structures called cells. Cells are the smallest objects that can do all the things needed for life. One way substances can get into a cell is called passive transport. One special kind of passive transport is osmosis, when water crosses into the cell.

This experiment allows you to see the process of osmosis in action. You should observe that the celery in the fresh water becomes a little stiffer, while the celery in salt water becomes rather flimsy. Remember that cells are made of cells and that the water in the cells flows from areas of low salt concentration (high water concentration) to high salt concentration (low water concentration). That means that if the water outside the cell is saltier than the water inside, water will move from the inside of the cell to the outside. As the water leaves the cell it is like letting the air out of a balloon. As more and more of the cells lost water, the celery becomes soft and flexible. If the water inside is saltier, the opposite happens, and some water will go into the cells, stiffening them up.

Materials

  • 2 pieces of celery stalk
  • salt
  • 2 glasses
  • a sensitive scale to weigh the celery

Lesson #9: Water Cycle Column

Overview When birds and animals drink from lakes, rivers, and ponds, how pure it is? Are they really getting the water the need, or are they getting something else with the water? This is a great experiment to see how water moves through natural systems. We’ll explore how water and the atmosphere are both polluted and purified, and we’ll investigate how plans and soil help with both of these.

What to Learn We’ll be taking advantage of capillary action by using a wick to move the water from the lower aquarium chamber into the upper soil chamber, where it will both evaporate and transpire (evaporate from the leaves of plants) and rise until it hits a cold front and condenses into rain, which falls into your collection bucket for further analysis.

Materials

  • three 2-liter soda bottles, empty and clean
  • razor with adult help
  • scissors
  • tape
  • ruler
  • 60 cm heavy cotton string
  • soil
  • water
  • ice
  • plants
  • drill and drill bits
  • fast-growing plant seeds (radish, grass, turnips, Chinese cabbage, moss, etc.)

Lesson #10: Homemade Hydrometer

Overview With a name like hydrometer you might pause and say: “…a what?” You might have even gone a step further and added “why do I want one of those?” Simply put, hydrometers test the density of liquids.

What to Learn Hygrometers compare the density of liquids to the density of water (a comparison called the specific gravity of a substance). A substances specific gravity is extremely useful. We use it to tell how creamy milk is, how salty the ocean is, and much more! In the following experiments we’ll test the salinity of several solutions.

Materials

  • Drinking straw
  • Modeling clay
  • A drinking glass
  • Salt
  • Distilled water (or as filtered as you have on hand)
  • Permanent marker
  • Graph paper (optional)

Lesson #11: Worms!

Overview Here we’re going to discuss the differences between three types of worms; flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms. The word “worm” is not, in fact, a scientific name. It’s an informal way of classifying animals with long bodies and no appendages (no including snakes). They are bilaterally symmetrical (the right and left sides mirror each other). Worms live in salt and fresh water, on land, and inside other organisms as parasites. If you’re fascinated by worms but frustrated that you can’t see them do their work underground, then this worm column is just the ticket for you. By using scrap materials from the recycling bin, you’ll be able to create a transparent worm farm. What to Learn The differences between the three types of worms we will discuss depend on the possession of a body cavity and segments. Flatworms have neither a body cavity nor segments. Roundworms only have a body cavity, and segmented worms have both a body cavity and segments. Materials

  • two 2-liter soda bottles, empty and clean
  • one brown paper grocery bag
  • 20 red worms
  • newspaper, old leaves, peat moss, and/or straw for worm bedding
  • last night’s dinner, organic scraps, plant material for worm food

Lesson #12: Eco Column

Overview What grows in the corner of your windowsill? In the cracks in the sidewalk? Under the front steps? In the gutter at the bottom of the driveway? Specifically, how do these animals build their homes and how much space do they need? What do they eat? Where do fish get their food? How do ants find their next meal? Organisms exist in relationship to one another. It is difficult to know how they exist—how they find shelter, what they eat, how long they live—until you observe them.

What to Learn In this lab, you’ll get to observe and investigate the habits and behaviors of your favorite animals by building an Eco Column. This column will have an aquarium section, a decomposition chamber with fruit flies or worms, and a predator chamber, with water that flows through all sections. This is a great way to see how the water cycle, insects, plants, soil, and marine animals all work together and interact.

Materials

  • four (or more) 2-liter soda bottles, empty and clean and with caps
  • scissors
  • tape
  • razor with adult help
  • ruler
  • soil
  • water
  • plants or seeds
  • compost or organic/food scraps
  • spiders, snails, fruit flies, etc

Lesson #13: Carnivorous Greenhouse

Overview Have you ever seen a man-eating plant? Well, maybe not, but you may have seen a Venus Fly Trap. Such a plant is called a carnivorous plant, since it eats insects for energy. In this activity, you’ll make a greenhouse with carnivorous plants so you can observe and track their growth and behavior, including their eating habits.

What to Learn Carnivorous plants are heterotrophs. This means they must get their energy from other organisms instead of the sun. They are native to regions with poor soil, so they have learned to get their energy from insects. Such plants are good at catching small animals, such as insects, to eat.

Carnivorous plants also need much water and light, as well as some humidity and air flow. If you cover the terrarium, make sure you leave the lid partially open for air flow. Also, it is very important not to fertilize heterotrophs. In other words, use water and soil with no minerals or nutrients.

Materials

  • clear plastic tub with lid
  • sand (regular sandbox sand)
  • peat moss
  • rubber glove
  • water, mineral free (distilled or reverse osmosis)
  • spray bottle with mineral free water in it

Lesson #14: Carbon Dioxide and Photosynthesis

Overview Photosynthesis is a process where light energy is changed into chemical energy. This process happens in the chloroplast of plant cells. Photosynthesis is one of the most important things that happen in cells. In fact, photosynthesis is considered one of the most important processes for all life on Earth. It makes sense that photosynthesis is really important to plants, since it gives them energy, but why is it so important to animals? In this lab, you will see evidence of plants giving off the oxygen animals need to survive.

What to Learn There are many steps to photosynthesis, but if we wanted to sum it up in one equation, it would be carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) makes glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen (O2). These words can be written like this: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Light Energy –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon dioxide, water, and energy combine to form glucose and oxygen. Glucose is a kind of sugar. This sugar is important for energy, so the plant stores all the glucose it creates. However, the plant releases the oxygen it creates. Now we can see two reasons why photosynthesis is so important not just to plants, but to animals too. First, all animals need oxygen to live. Photosynthesis produces oxygen, so without this process, animals could not survive. Also, don’t forget that since animals can’t make their own food, they have to eat plants, or eat other animals that have eaten plants. So without plants, animals would quickly run out of food.

Materials

  • candle
  • lighter with adult help
  • large glass jar
  • stopwatch
  • leafy plant (weeds work also)
  • Optional: sodium hydroxide and iodine

Lesson #15: Einsteins Garden

Overview During photosynthesis, plants take in energy from the sun (sunlight). They combine it with carbon dioxide and water. Einstein told us that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. In other words, the energy that plants take in remains with the plant. In this experiment, we will measure how much energy remains with the plant by weighing the plant each day.

What to Learn Most people don’t understand that energy means all the energy transformations, not just the energy inside of an atom. The energy could be burning gasoline, fusion reactions (like in the sun), metabolizing your lunch, elastic energy in a stretched rubber band… every kind of energy stored inside of mass is what energy means.

For plants, this means that energy from captured sunlight, combined with carbon dioxide and water, both of which have mass, make the plant heavier. Let’s find out how Einstein would have planted a garden while thinking about his big ideas.

Materials

  • scale for weighing your plant
  • pot with soil
  • plant (not potted yet)
  • water
  • time

Lesson #16: Onion Mitosis

Overview Mitosis is part of the cell cycle, a larger process that living organisms use to repair damage, grow, or just maintain condition. In this experiment, we’re going to figure out the time it takes for an onion cell to go through each of the four mitosis states.

What to Learn Mitosis is the process of cell division for eukaryotes, or cells with nuclei. It is more complex than cell division for cells without nuclei (prokaryotes). Cells divide to increase their numbers through a process of mitosis, which results in two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes. You’ll learn how to define the four stages of mitosis while identifying the four stages of mitosis in onion cells using a microscope.

Materials

  • Compound microscope with slides and coverslip
  • Onion (the root tip, not the onion itself) – you can grow your own if you can’t find any at the store. Place the bottom of an onion in a glass of water for a couple of days and you’ll see the roots grow to the size you need (about 2 cm long).
  • Science journal

Lesson #17: Terraqua Column

Overview How does salt affect plant growth, like when we use salt to de-ice snowy winter roads? How does adding fertilizer to the soil help or hurt the plants? What type of soil best purifies the water? All these questions and more can be answered by building a terrarium-aquarium system that are connected together.

What to Learn What happens to the plants and animals when you put freshwater in the reservoirs? Saltwater? What happens to the plants and animals when you put different kinds of soil in the terraqua column? In this experiment, you will explore the relationship between land and water by constructing a terraqua colum (a terrarium and an aquarium in one). You will measure the effects of different types of water and soil on the ecosystem in the terraqua column.

Materials

  • two 2-liter soda bottles, empty and clean
  • two bottle caps
  • scissors and razor with adult help
  • Drill and drill bit with adult help
  • tape
  • thin rope for a wick, about 5 in long
  • water, soil, and plants

Lesson #18: Who Eats Whom?

Overview The way animals and plants behave is so complicated because it not only depends on climate, water availability, competition for resources, nutrients available, and disease presence but also having the patience and ability to study them close-up.

We’re going to build an eco-system where you’ll farm prey stock for the predators so you’ll be able to view their behavior. You’ll also get a chance to watch both of them feed, hatch, molt, and more! You’ll observe closely the two different organisms and learn all about the way they live, eat, and are eaten.

What to Learn Predators and prey are necessary for each other’s ecosystem. They each evolve physical characteristics and behaviors for survival. It can be difficult to observe such a small system, so the Predator-Prey column allows us to see mantises eating fruit flies, and fruit flies breaking down fruit.

The praying mantis has a long neck and a triangular head that can turn 180 degrees to search for their prey. They have two large compound eyes and three other simple eyes between them. They are built for “preying!” They use their front legs to capture their prey, and the spikes on their legs to hold their food in place.

Did you know that fruit flies don’t really eat fruit? They actually eat the yeast that growing on the fruit. Fruit flies actually bring the yeast with them on the pads of their feet and spread the yeast to the fruit so that they can eat it. You can tell if a fruit fly has been on your fruit because yeast has begun to spread on the skin.

Materials

  • four 2-liter soda bottles, empty and clean
  • 2 bottle caps
  • one plastic lid that fits inside the soda bottle
  • small piece of fruit to feed fruit flies
  • aluminum foil
  • plastic container with a snap-lid (like an M&M container or film can)
  • scissors and razor with adult help
  • tape
  • ruler
  • predators: spiders OR praying mantis OR carnivorous plants (if you’re using carnivorous plants, make sure you do the Carnivorous Greenhouse experiment first so you know how to grow them successfully)
  • soil, twigs, small plants

Lesson #19: Insect Aspirator

Some insects are just too small! Even if we try to carefully pick them up with forceps, they either escape or are crushed. What to do?

Answer: Make an insect aspirator! An insect aspirator is a simple tool scientists use to collect bugs and insects that are too small to be picked up manually. Basically it’s a mini bug vacuum!
Overview Some insects are just too small! Even if we try to carefully pick them up with forceps, they either escape or are crushed. What to do?

Answer: Make an insect aspirator! An insect aspirator is a simple tool scientists use to collect bugs and insects that are too small to be picked up manually. Basically it’s a mini bug vacuum!

What to Learn In this lab, you will learn to use suction power (your own sucking power!) to suck up (but not inhale!) tiny insects. You will learn the behavior of tiny insects that are difficult to observe because they are so small.

Materials

  • A small vial or test tube with a (snug fitting) two-holed rubber stopper. OR a plastic water bottle with a cap.
  • Two short pieces of stiff plastic tubing. We’ll call them tube A and tube B. OR two bendy straws.
  • Fine wire mesh (very small holes because this is what will stop the bugs from going into your mouth!)
  • A cotton ball.
  • One to two feet of flexible rubber tubing.
  • Duct tape or a rubber band or hot glue

Lesson #20: Berlese Funnel

Overview Unsurprisingly, often the most interesting critters found in soil are the hardest to find! They’re small, fast, and used to avoiding things that search for them. So, how do we find and study these tiny insects? With a Berlese Funnel (also called the Tullgren funnel)!

What to Learn Certain bugs are attracted to heat, but then they move around so we can’t observe them easily, especially if they are in the dirt itself. You’re going to learn how to build a light trap to pull the light-loving bugs up out of the dirt so you can observe them like a real scientist.

Materials

  • 1 gallon tractor funnel.
  • Clothespins.
  • A light fixture that fits on top of the funnel and has a reflective interior.
  • A bucket that has a smaller diameter than the top of the funnel. The funnel needs to be suspended from the bucket so the insects can fall into the jar.
  • A clean jam-jar.
  • Rubbing alcohol.
  • ¼ inch wire mesh.
  • Light bulb. The wattage has to be high enough to heat the soil, but not so high that it will light the funnel on fire. Best to do it by trial and error with lots of supervision.
  • Soil. The best will be from a compost pile.

Lesson #21: Waterscope

Overview Tide pools are best observed undisturbed. But, they’re too shallow to snorkel… So how to can we explore them without removing their inhabitants? With an Aquascope! Aquascopes are very cheap and easy to make. With only a coffee can, some plastic food rap, and a couple of other items you can make a window into the world of tide-pools! In principle, aquascopes allow us to take a glass-bottom-boat tour of the rich ecosystems of tide pools. The plastic acts as the glass, while the coffee can allows us to break the distorting surface of the water.

What to Learn Using thesimple optics of a waterscope (also called an aquascope), you’ll be able to observe organisms in water.

Materials

  • milk or juice jug
  • plastic wrap
  • scissors
  • rubber band

Lesson #22: Protozoa in the Grass

Overview What makes things alive? There are actually many hints that tell us something is alive. One thing that is true about all living things is that they all have tiny structures called cells. Cells are the smallest objects that can do all the things needed for life. Some people call cells the “building blocks” of life. Cells get put together to make apple trees, elephants, or whatever other living thing you can imagine!

What to Learn This experiment allows you to grow protozoa, tiny single-celled organisms and observe protozoa through a microscope. As multicellular organisms develop, their cells differentiate. While some people can go in their backyard and find a lot of interesting pond scum and dead insects, not everybody has a thriving ecosystem on hand, especially if they live in a city. In this activity, you will learn how to grow a protozoa habitat that you can keep in a window for months (or longer!) using a couple of simple ingredients.

Materials

  • a glass jar with a lid
  • a spoon
  • yeast
  • dead grass
  • water
  • an eye dropper
  • cover slips
  • microscope slide
  • a compound microscope

Lesson #23: Extracting DNA in Your Kitchen

Overview DNA is the genetic material that has all the information about a cell. If the cell has a nucleus, the DNA is located in the nucleus. If not, it is found in the cytoplasm. DNA is a long molecule found in the formed by of two strands of genes. DNA carries two copies—two “alleles”—of each gene. Those alleles can either be similar to each other (homozygous), or dissimilar (heterozygous). We’re going to learn how to extract DNA from any fruit or vegetable you have lying around the fridge.

What to Learn We’re going to learn how to extract DNA from any fruit or vegetable you have lying around the fridge. DNA is the genetic material of living organisms, and is located in the chromosomes of each cell. Living organisms have many different kinds of molecules including small ones such as water and salt, and very large ones such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins and DNA.

Materials

  • pumpkin OR apple OR squash OR bananas OR carrots OR anything else you might have in the fridge
  • dishwashing detergent
  • 91% isopropyl alcohol
  • coffee filter and a funnel (or use paper towels folded into quarters)
  • water
  • blender
  • clear glass cup

Lesson #24: Tracking Traits

Overview Why do families share similar features like eye and hair color? Why aren’t they exact clones of each other? These questions and many more will be answered as well look into the fascinating world of genetics! Genetics asks which features are passed on from generation to generation in living things. It also explains how those features are passed on (or not passed on). Which features are stay and leave depend on the genes of the organism and the environment the organism lives in. Genes are the “inheritance factors “described in Mendel’s laws. The genes are passed on from generation to generation and instruct the cell how to make proteins. A genotype refers to the genetic make-up of a trait, while phenotype refers to the physical manifestation of the trait.

What to Learn Many characteristics of an organism are inherited from the parents. An inherited trait can be determined by one or more genes. This lab will show you how to define the terms “dominant” and “recessive” related to genetic traits, and use a Punnet square to determine possible genetic traits of offspring.

Materials

  • Paper and Genetics Table
  • Crayons or markers
  • Two different coins
  • Coin (like a penny)

Want More Science Activities?

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These videos are samples from my online eScience Learning program. Its a complete science program for K-12. Plus, its self-guiding, so they can do it on their own.

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Thank You!

Thanks for the privilege as serving as your coach and guide in your science journey. May these videos bring you much excitement and curiosity in your learning adventure!

~Aurora

Supercharged Science

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