This is a very simple yet powerful demonstration that shows how potential energy and kinetic energy transfer from one to the other and back again, over and over.  Once you wrap your head around this concept, you’ll be well on your way to designing world-class roller coasters.

For these experiments, find your materials:

• some string
• a bit of tape
• a washer or a weight of some kind
• set of magnets (at least 6, but more is better)

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Here’s what you do:

1. Make the string into a 2 foot or so length.

2. Tie the string to the washer, or weight.

3. Tape the other end of the string to a table.

4. Lift the weight and let go, causing the weight to swing back and forth at the end of the pendulum.

Download Student Worksheet & Exercises

Watch the pendulum for a bit and describe what it’s doing as far as energy goes. Some questions to think about include:

• Where is the potential energy greatest?
• Where is the kinetic energy greatest?
• Where is potential energy lowest?
• Where is kinetic energy lowest?
• Where is KE increasing, and PE is decreasing?
• Where is PE increasing and KE decreasing?
• Where did the energy come from in the first place?

Remember, potential energy is highest where the weight is the highest.

Kinetic energy is highest were the weight is moving the fastest. So potential energy is highest at the ends of the swings. Here’s a coincidence, that’s also where kinetic energy is the lowest since the weight is moving the least.

Where’s potential energy the lowest? At the middle or lowest part of the swing. Another coincidence, this is where kinetic energy is the highest! Now, wait a minute…coincidence or physics? It’s physics right?

In fact, it’s conservation of energy. No energy is created or destroyed, so as PE gets lower KE must get higher. As KE gets higher PE must get lower. It’s the law…the law of conservation of energy! Lastly, where did the energy come from in the first place? It came from you. You added energy (increased PE) when you lifted the weight.

(By the way, you did work on the weight by lifting it the distance you lifted it. You put a certain amount of Joules of energy into the pendulum system. Where did you get that energy? From your morning Wheaties!)

Chaos Pendulum

For this next experiment, we’ll be using magnets to add energy into the system by having a magnetic pendulum interact with magnets carefully spaced around the pendulum. Watch the video to learn how to set this one up.  You’ll need a set of magnets (at least one of them is a ring magnet so you can easily thread a string through it), tape, string, and a table or chair. Are you ready?

Exercises

1. Why can we never make a machine that powers itself over and over again?
   1. Energy is mostly lost to heat.
   2. Energy is completely used up.
   3. Energy is unlimited, but is absorbed by neighboring air molecules.
   4. None of these
2. In the pendulum, as kinetic energy increases, potential energy ______________.
   1. Increases
   2. Decreases
3. As potential energy decreases, kinetic energy _________________.
   1. Increases
   2. Decreases

Click here to go to next lesson on Potato Cannon.

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